Binomial Tree for Pricing American Options

This Excel spreadsheet prices an American option with a Binomial Tree.  The spreadsheet also generates the pricing lattice, which can be viewed.

American options allow the holder to exercise an option contract at any time before the expiry. European options, on the hand, can only be exercised at the expiry date. This means that for any given situation, American options demand a higher price than European options because of their greater flexibility.

Unlike European puts, American puts  cannot be valued analytically.  Therefore numerical techniques (such as monte-carlo simulation, the method of lines, the Bjerksun-Stensland model, or binomial trees) must be used .  This article, for example, describes a novel Monte-Carlo method to price American Options

Binomial trees divide time (from the current time to maturity) into a large number of slices.  At each stage, stock price can either increase (with probability p) or decrease (with probability 1-p) in value.  Call and puts are then priced by moving backwards in time (this is known as backwards induction).

This method gives the price of an option at multiple points in time (and not just at the expiry date, as with the standard Black-Scholes model).  Binomial trees are hence particularly useful for American options, which can be exercised at any time before the expiry date.

Additionally, binomial trees can help analysts decide when best to exercise an American option because the change in option price is given over time.

Price an American Option with a Binomial Tree

The Excel spreadsheet is simple to use.  Simply enter your parameters and then click the Draw Lattice button.  The price of the option is given in the Results box.

American Option Binomial Tree

Additionally, some clever VBA will draw the binomial lattice in the Lattice sheet.

American Option Binomial Tree

The theory behind Binomial trees, and their implementation in Excel, are described in greater detail in this tutorial.  The spreadsheet uses the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein method.

If you would like access to the VBA used to generate the binomial lattice, please use the Buy Unlocked Spreadsheet option.

Download Excel Spreadsheet to Price American Option with Binomial Tree (locked VBA)

Buy Unlocked Spreadsheet


10 thoughts on “Binomial Tree for Pricing American Options”

  1. Hi,
    I would like to know if it would be possible to have the VBA code for the binomial tree for pricing the american options and the one forthe Excel spreadsheet for pricing American options with the Barone-Adesi & Whaley, and Ju & Zhong approximations.

    Thank you for your help. All you are doing is very useful.

    Reply
  2. I’ll post VBA to price European Options with a trinomial tree soon. If you can wrap your head around trinomial trees, then you’ll understand binomial trees

    Reply
  3. Hi,

    Firstly, thanks for this.

    I was wondering if someone can please explain to me the nodes in the tree

    For example, if an option expires in 33 days… and I put 10 nodes, what does each node represent if I am trying to figure out the value on each day?

    Thanks!

    Reply
  4. Yes, please answer Kosta’s question.

    Also,, What is unit of measure of “Time to Maturity”. If I have an option that expires in5 days, what do i use ?

    What does “Number of Nodes” represent in terms of time to maturity ? I’ve also seen it called (I think) steps. Not sure what to set it to

    Thanks

    Reply

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